In chapter 4 of Literary Theory, I understand the meaning in literature that Culler explains what mean stand for. Literature is a part of art language that many people can use it in different ways. Therefore, there is different understanding in meaning. In here, Culler list 3 proportions or level of meaning: word, utterance and text. For example, the poem from Langston Hughes,
Dreams
Hold fast to dreams
Hold fast to dreams
For if dreams die
Life is a broken-winged bird
That cannot fly.
Hold fast to dreams
For when dreams go
Life is a barren field
Frozen with snow.
When I read this poem, it really opened my eyes to know about how people really see themselves. Langston Hughes use words to inspire us to never give up on our dreams and to always dream big any time. Also don’t despise small beginnings when we start to make our dreams come true. ‘Broken-winded bird’ as oppose to our cruel reality, even many people have their wonderful dreams, they cannot hold it for a long time just because some of us can’t overcome the real life. However, Langston constantly reminds people to retrieve their dreams. ‘Frozen with snow’ helps people to deep thinking about themselves, no matter how frozen is it now, when there is a dream, there is a hope and the hope is the only thing which left to us in a bad time.

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